The _______ of the judging process might be compromised unless each contestant is assigned a unique
code number by which he or she is identified.

• A. decisions
• B. finality
• C. authority
• D. accuracy
• E. impartiality

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ITINERANT:

• A. lethargic
• B. fixated
• C. linear
• D. paralyzed
• E. settled

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SYNERGIZE:

• A. catalyze
• B. languish
• C. sabotage
• D. lapse
• E. atrophy

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The origin of the attempt to distinguish early from modern music and to establish the canons of
performance practice for each lies in the eighteenth century. In the first half of that century, when
Telemann and Bach ran the collegium musicum in Leipzig, Germany, they performed their own and other
modern music. In the German universities of the early twentieth century, however, the reconstituted
collegium musicum devoted itself to performing music from the centuries before the beginning of the
"standard repertory," by which was understood music from before the time of Bach and Handel. Alongside
this modern collegium musicum, German musicologists developed the historical sub-discipline known as
"performance practice," which included the deciphering of obsolete musical notation and its transcription
into modern notation, the study of obsolete instruments, and the re-establishment of lost oral traditions
associated with those forgotten repertories. The cutoff date for this study was understood to be around
1 750, the year of Bach's death, since the music of Bach, Handel, Telemann and their contemporaries did
call for obsolete instruments and voices and unannotated performing traditions-for instance, the
spontaneous realization of vocal and instrumental melodic ornamentation. Furthermore, with a few
exceptions, late baroque music had ceased to be performed for nearly a century, and the orally
transmitted performing traditions associated with it were forgotten as a result. In contrast, the notation in
the music of Haydn and Mozart from the second half of the eighteenth century was more complete than in
the earlier styles, and the instruments seemed familiar, so no "special" knowledge appeared necessary.
Also, the music of Haydn and Mozart, having never ceased to be performed, had maintained some kind of
oral tradition of performance practice. Beginning around 1960, however, early-music performers began to
encroach upon the music of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven. Why? Scholars studying performance
practice had discovered that the living oral traditions associated with the Viennese classics frequently
could not be traced to the eighteenth century and that there were nearly as many performance mysteries
to solve for music after 1750 as for earlier repertories. Furthermore, more and more young singers and
instrumentalists became attracted to early music, and as many of them graduated from student- amateur
to professional status, the technical level of early-music performances took a giant leap forward. As
professional early-music groups, building on these developments, expanded their repertories to include
later music, the mainstream protested vehemently. The differences between the two camps extended
beyond the question of which instruments to use to the more critical matter of style and delivery. At the
heart of their disagreement is whether historical knowledge about performing traditions is a prerequisite
for proper interpretation of music or whether it merely creates an obstacle to inspired musical tradition.
It can be inferred from the passage that the "standard repertory" mentioned in line 15 might have included
music that was written

• A. before the time of Handel
• B. during the early twentieth century
• C. by the performance-practice composers
• D. to be played using obsolete instruments
• E. before 1700

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Mount Vesuvius, a volcano located between the ancient Italian cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum, has
received much attention because of its frequent and destructive eruptions. The most famous of these
eruptions occurred in A. D. 79. The volcano had been inactive for centuries. There was little warning of
the coming eruption, although one account unearthed by archaeologists says that a hard rain and a
strong wind had disturbed the celestial calm during the preceding night. Early the next morning, the
volcano poured a huge river of molten rock down upon Herculaneum, completely burying the city and
filling in the harbor with coagulated lavA. Meanwhile, on the other side of the mountain, cinders, stone and
ash rained down on Pompeii. Sparks from the burning ash ignited the combustible rooftops quickly. Large
portions of the city were destroyed in the conflagration. Fire, however, was not the only cause of
destruction. Poisonous sulphuric gases saturated the air. These heavy gases were not buoyant in the
atmosphere and therefore sank toward the earth and suffocated people. Over the years, excavations of
Pompeii and Herculaneum have revealed a great deal about the behavior of the volcano.
By analyzing data, much as a zoologist dissects a specimen animal, scientist have concluded that the
eruption changed large portions of the area's geography. For instance, it turned the Sarno River from its
course and raised the level of the beach along the Bay of Naples. Meteorologists studying these events
have also concluded that Vesuvius caused a huge tidal wave that affected the world's climate. In addition
to making these investigations, archaeologists have been able to study the skeletons of victims by using
distilled water to wash away the volcanic ash. By strengthening the brittle bones with acrylic paint,
scientists have been able to examine the skeletons and draw conclusions about the diet and habits of the
residents. Finally, the excavations at both Pompeii and
Herculaneum have yielded many examples of classical art, such as jewelry made of bronze, which is an
alloy of copper and tin. The eruption of Mount Vesuvius and its tragic consequences have provided us
with a wealth of data about the effects that volcanoes can have on the surrounding areA. Today
volcanologists can locate and predict eruptions, saving lives and preventing the destruction of cities and
cultures.
Scientists analyzed data about Vesuvius in the same way that a zoologist ___ a specimen.

• A. describes in detail
• B. answer not available
• C. photographs
• D. studies by cutting apart
• E. chart