[Nov-2023] L4M2 Exam Dumps - Free Demo & 365 Day Updates
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Procurement professionals who pass the CIPS L4M2 certification exam demonstrate a deep understanding of the principles and practices of defining business needs. Defining Business Needs certification is ideal for professionals who are involved in procurement strategy development, supplier selection, and contract management. The CIPS L4M2 certification exam is recognized internationally and is highly valued by employers in the procurement and supply chain industry.
The L4M2 exam consists of a variety of question types, including multiple-choice, short answer, and case study questions. L4M2 exam is timed and candidates have a set amount of time to complete each section. L4M2 exam is designed to test both theoretical knowledge and practical application, so candidates must be prepared to apply their knowledge to real-world scenarios.
NEW QUESTION # 79
Which of the following factors is most likely to be a barrier to new entrant in agriculture?
- A. Brand recognition
- B. Capital requirement
- C. Reputation within the industry
- D. High margins
Answer: B
Explanation:
Barriers to Entry to Agriculture: If stakeholders are going to address the need for new, conserva-tion-minded farmers, they must understand the barriers these farmers encounter when transitioning into the profession. A review of the literature revealed a number of barriers-most of them structural-to entry to agriculture. While each barrier is distinct, they are all interconnected. Though not an exhaustive list, the following barriers are ones that were most frequently mentioned in the literature:
- Access to Affordable Land
- Startup Capital
- Lack of Agricultural Knowledge and Experience
- Lack of Knowledge about Farm Business Planning
- Discrimination
- Student Loans
- Limited Access to Markets
- Affordable Housing and Affordable Healthcare
...
Source: Exploring the Barriers to Entry to Agriculture: Challenges Facing Beginning Farmers in North Carolina - Kelley Robbins-Thompson Reference:
LO 2, AC 2.2
NEW QUESTION # 80
Which of the following is an useful tool for value engineering?
- A. Kano model
- B. Kraljic Portfolio Matrix
- C. Star-burst method
- D. SAMOA
Answer: A
Explanation:
Value Engineering (VE) is concerned with new products. It is applied during product development. The focus is on reducing costs, improving function or both, by way of teamwork-based product evaluation and analysis. This takes place before any capital is invested in tooling, plant or equipment.
This is very significant, because according to many reports, up to 80% of a product's costs (throughout the rest of its life-cycle), are locked in at the design development stage. This is under-standable when you consider the design of any product determines many factors, such as tooling, plant and equipment, labour and skills, training costs, materials, shipping, installation, maintenance, as well as decommissioning and recycle costs.
The Kano model is a theory for product development and customer satisfaction developed in the 1980s by Professor Noriaki Kano, which classifies customer preferences into five categories. Both Kano model and Value Engineering aims at optimising new product, so they can be combined to-gether. CIPS L4M2 study guide consider Kano model is a tool of Value Engineering
Example of Kano model (source: Wikipedia)
Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.4
NEW QUESTION # 81
Which of the following is a risk to buying organization when using conformance specification?
- A. Buyer is responsible for product failure
- B. Buyer may face liquidity risks
- C. Buyer cannot control the inputs
- D. Time to produce specification is shortened
Answer: A
Explanation:
When using conformance specification, the buying organisation is responsible for the performance of the purchase. If the product fails due to poorly designed specification, the buyer is wholly responsible for it. It cannot blame the supplier for the failure because they still provided 'fit for purpose' product.
'Time to produce specification is shortened': Conformance specification requires details on dimen-sion, materials, design, etc. With such requirements, time to produce a complete conformance specification is often longer than producing performance specification.
'Buyer cannot control the inputs': Conformance specification is a list of inputs from buyer, so buyer has control over the inputs that will make the product. It also means that buyer is responsible for any product failure.
'Buyer may face liquidity risks': Liquidity means that how quick a business turns its assets into cash. This is a financial term, it does not link directly with specification failure.
Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.1
NEW QUESTION # 82
Due to the growth of consumer electronics market, semiconductor industry develops exponentially. However, the industry is dominated by a dozens of manufacturer. Chipset need to be built in factories with highly controlled environments. New chip factories cost billions of dollars and can take two years to build. Right now, factories are running at full capacity, which produce almost perfect yields, meaning basic chipset can be made for less than a dollar and more advanced versions for not much more. What are the barriers to new entrants in the semiconductor industry?
1. Poor industry growth
2. High set-up costs
3. Economies of scale
4. Low switching costs
- A. 3 and 4 only
- B. 2 and 3 only
- C. 2 and 4 only
- D. 1 and 4 only
Answer: B
Explanation:
Barriers to entry is an economics and business term describing factors that can prevent or impede newcomers into a market or industry sector, and so limit competition. The most obvious barriers to entry are high start-up costs and regulatory hurdles which include the need for new companies to obtain licenses or regulatory clearance before operation. Also, industries heavily regulated by the government are usually the most difficult to penetrate. Other forms of barrier to entry that prevent new competitors from easily entering a business sector include special tax benefits to existing firms, patent protections, strong brand identity, customer loyalty, and high customer switching costs.
In the scenario, the new factory for chipset manufacturing costs billions of dollars, which indicates high set-up costs. Also, the incumbent manufacturers have reached economies of scale, allowing them to produce the components at optimal price.
The above descriptions are compiled from recent reports on current chip shortage (2021).
Reference:
- Barriers to Entry Definition (investopedia.com)
- CIPS study guide page 96-97
LO 2, AC 2.2
NEW QUESTION # 83
A company has a lists of items that make up 15% of total spend. These items also do not largely impact on quality of final product. The supply continuity is secured. Which of the following will be the most appropriate managing approach to purchase these items?
- A. Build partnership with suppliers
- B. Simplify procurement process
- C. Enhance supply continuity
- D. Drive down cost based on market competition
Answer: B
Explanation:
Those items make up small portion of spend and the supply risk is low. So it is tactical item according to Kraljic portfolio matrix. Procurement should bundle these items into larger contracts, simplify procurement process.
LO 2, AC 2.1
NEW QUESTION # 84
Which of the following are typically reasons why an organisation implements value analysis? Select TWO that apply:
- A. To find cost reduction opportunities by optimising the components used
- B. To determine the value of each component used
- C. To decide whether there will be sufficient surplus funds to reinvest in the business
- D. To provide an outline business case for the specification
- E. To shape and manage supply market
Answer: B
Explanation:
Value analysis is a systematic review of the production, purchasing and product design processes to reduce overall product costs. This can be accomplished through a variety of activities, including the following:
- Designing products to use lower-tolerance parts that are less expensive
- Switching to lower-cost components
- Standardizing parts across product platforms in order to achieve volume discounts
- Altering production processes to minimize the amount of production cycle time, thereby reducing labor costs
- Introducing automation to strip labor costs out of the production process
- Altering product packaging to lower its cost while still protecting the product The process is not a wholesale attack on costs. Costs are only reduced when the result will not im-pact the perceived level of quality experienced by customers, or the level of customer satisfaction.
Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.4
NEW QUESTION # 85
Buyers in the same industry with the same understanding of relative value and price may still make different decisions about whether to switch. Which of the following factors may prompt a buying organization to incline toward substitute products?
1. There is potential for backward integration
2. Access to financial resources
3. The switching cost is high
4. The substitute fits organisation's strategy
- A. 2 and 4 only
- B. 3 and 4 only
- C. 1 and 4 only
- D. 1 and 2 only
Answer: A
Explanation:
The threat of substitution is a function of three factors:
* The relative value/ price of a substitute compared to an industry's product
* The cost of switching to the substitute
* The buyer's propensity to switch
Buyers with different circumstances and in different industries do not all have equal propensities to substitute when faced with a comparable economic motivation. Differences in their circumstances lead buyers to respond to a given relative value to price (RVP) and switching cost differently. While such differences might be treated as factors that modify RVP or switching costs, it is more helpful in practice to isolate them.
Resources. Substitution often involves up-front investments of capital and other resources. Access to such resources will differ from one buyer to another.
Risk Profile. Buyers often have very different risk profiles, the result of such things as their past history, age and income, ownership structure, background and orientation of management, and nature of competition in their industry. Buyers prone to risk taking are more likely to substitute than buyers that are risk-averse.
Technological Orientation. Buyers experienced with technological change may be less concerned with some kinds of substitution risks, while extremely aware of others that a less technologically sophisticated buyer would be oblivious to.
Previous Substitutions. The second substitution may be easier for a buyer than the first, unless the first substitution has been a failure. The buyer's uncertainties over undertaking a substitution may have diminished if a past substitution has been successful, or risen if a past substitution has led to difficulties. In the soft drink industry, this seems to have worked to the benefit of aspartame.
Intensity of Rivalry. Buyers under intense competitive pressure and searching for competitive ad-vantage will tend to substitute more quickly to gain a given advantage than those that are not.
Generic Strategy. The RVP of a substitute will have different significance depending on the com-petitive advantage that industrial, commercial, or institutional buyers are seeking or the value of time and particular performance needs of the household buyer. A substitute that offers a cost saving will tend to be of more interest to a cost leader than a differentiator, for example.
Many of these factors that shape the buyer's propensity to substitute will be a function of the particular decision maker who is involved in the purchase decision.
Porter, Michael E.. Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance (p. 278-289). Free Press. Kindle Edition.
Reference:
LO 2, AC 2.2
NEW QUESTION # 86
This is the information on an organisation's activities over the past year
* Sale were $5,000,000. The value of accounts receivable was $450,000 at the start of the year and $525,000 at the end of the year
* The value of direct costs was $2,500,000 and 75% of this was bought on credit
* Indirect costs were $3,000,000 and 25% of this was bought on credit
* During the year the organization spent $1,500,000 on new assets and sold $150,000 of old assets. $1,000,000 of the spend on assets was funded by a bank loan
* The organization declared a dividend of $200,000 at the end of the year but this was not paid for another two months
* Opening balance was $175,000
Which of the following is the bank balance of that organization at the end of the year?
- A. $2,025,000
- B. $1,875,000
- C. $1,700,000
- D. $1,675,000
Answer: B
Explanation:
In this question, you should understand the concept of cash flow and formula of cash flow. Cash flow calculates the physical money moving in and out a company's bank balance. The cash flow from sale activity is:
cash flow from sale = account receivable at beginning of the year + revenue - account receivable at the end of the year = $450,000 + $5,000,000 - $525,000 = $4,925,000
75% of direct costs was bought by credit, therefore, the company spent 25% on direct cost: -$2,500,000*25/100 = -$625,000
25% of indirect costs was bought on credit. Cash flow out on indirect costs is: -$3,000,000*75/100 = -$2,250,000 Company spent $1,500,000 on new assets funded by a loan of $1,000,000. Cash flow out from this activity is -$500,000 Company received $150,000 from selling old assets Dividends have not been paid for another 2 months, thus, they are not accounted as cash flow out.
The bank balance at the end of the year is: $175,000 + $4,925,000 - $625,000 - $2,250,000 - $500,000 + $150,000 = $1,875,000 LO 1, AC 1.4
NEW QUESTION # 87
Halfords is a major bicycle and car parts retailer with long history in the market. Its suppliers are plentiful and there is no threat of forward integration. Some other smaller retailers are applying 3D-printing technology to make personalized bicycle parts but their market share is relatively low. 3D-printing technology is an example of which competitive force?
- A. Rivalry within the industry
- B. New entrants may enter the market
- C. Bargaining power of buyer
- D. Threat of substitute
Answer: D
Explanation:
3D-printed parts can replace traditional metal parts. They are also more easily customised to fit customer's needs. This technology is an example of threat of substitute in Porter's Five Forces model.
Substitute goods or services that can be used in place of a company's products or services pose a threat. Companies that produce goods or services for which there are no close substitutes will have more power to increase prices and lock in favorable terms. When close substitutes are available, customers will have the option to forgo buying a company's product, and a company's power can be weakened.
Reference:
- CIPS study guide page 85-96
- Porter's 5 Forces Definition: Analyzing Businesses (investopedia.com) LO 2, AC 2.2
NEW QUESTION # 88
Which of the following specific markets engage in creation, liquidation and change of ownership of stock?
- A. Retail
- B. Construction
- C. Manufacturing
- D. Financial
- E. Agriculture
Answer: D
Explanation:
According to Investopedia, the financial services sector provides financial services to people and corporations. This segment of the economy is made up of a variety of financial firms includ-ing banks, investment houses, lenders, finance companies, real estate brokers, and insurance com-panies. As noted above, the financial services industry is probably the most important sector of the economy, leading the world in terms of earnings and equity market capitalization. Large conglomerates dominate this sector, but it also includes a diverse range of smaller companies.
According to the finance and development department of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), financial services are the processes by which consumers or businesses acquire financial goods. For example, a payment system provider offers a financial service when it accepts and transfers funds between payers and recipients. This includes accounts settled through credit and debit cards, checks, and electronic funds transfers.
Companies in the financial services industry manage money. For instance, a financial advi-sor manages assets and offers advice on behalf of a client. The advisor does not directly provide investments or any other product, rather, they facilitate the movement of funds between savers and the issuers of securities and other instruments. This service is a temporary task rather than a tangible asset.
Financial goods, on the other hand, are not tasks. They are things. A mortgage loan may seem like a service, but it's actually a product that lasts beyond the initial provision. Stocks, bonds, loans, commodity assets, real estate, and insurance policies are examples of financial goods.
Reference:
LO 2, AC 2.1
NEW QUESTION # 89
Which of the following can cause overhead variance? Select TWO that apply:
- A. Decreasing packaging costs
- B. Spike in material price
- C. Decrease in production volume
- D. Rising production worker's wage rate per hour
- E. Spike in monthly leasing fee
Answer: C,E
Explanation:
Overhead variances arise when the actual overhead costs incurred differ from the expected amounts. Managers want to understand the reasons for these differences, and so should consider computing one or more of the overhead variances described below. Each of these variances applies to a different aspect of overhead expenditures. It is not necessary to calculate these variances when a manager cannot influence their outcome.
Fixed Overhead Spending Variance
The fixed overhead spending variance is the difference between the actual fixed overhead expense incurred and the budgeted fixed overhead expense. An unfavorable variance means that actual fixed overhead expenses were greater than anticipated. The formula for this variance is:
Actual fixed overhead - Budgeted fixed overhead = Fixed overhead spending variance The amount of expense related to fixed overhead should (as the name implies) be relatively fixed, and so the fixed overhead spending variance should not theoretically vary much from the budget.
Fixed Overhead Volume Variance
The fixed overhead volume variance is the difference between the amount of fixed overhead actually applied to produced goods based on production volume, and the amount that was budgeted to be applied to produced goods. For example, a company budgets for the allocation of $25,000 of fixed overhead costs to produced goods at the rate of $50 per unit produced, with the expectation that 500 units will be produced. However, the actual number of units produced is 600, so a total of $30,000 of fixed overhead costs are allocated. This creates a fixed overhead volume variance of $5,000.
Variable Overhead Efficiency Variance
The variable overhead efficiency variance is the difference between the actual and budgeted hours worked, which are then applied to the standard variable overhead rate per hour. The formula is:
Standard overhead rate x (Actual hours - Standard hours)
= Variable overhead efficiency variance
A favorable variance means that the actual hours worked were less than the budgeted hours, resulting in the application of the standard overhead rate across fewer hours, resulting in less expense being incurred. However, a favorable variance does not necessarily mean that a company has incurred less actual overhead, it simply means that there was an improvement in the allocation base what was used to apply overhead.
Variable Overhead Spending Variance
The variable overhead spending variance is the difference between the actual and budgeted rates of spending on variable overhead. The variance is used to focus attention on those overhead costs that vary from expectations. The formula is:
Actual hours worked x (Actual overhead rate - standard overhead rate)
= Variable overhead spending variance
A favorable variance means that the actual variable overhead expenses incurred per labor hour were less than expected.
In the study guide, CIPS splits overhead variance into volume and expenditure variance. They can be understood as variable and fixed overhead variance respectively.
Reference:
- CIPS study guide page 59
- What are overhead variances? - AccountingTools
LO 1, AC 1.4
NEW QUESTION # 90
What is the document that defines the activities, deliverables and timelines a supplier must carry out during contract performance?
- A. Project initial document
- B. Work instruction
- C. Framework agreement
- D. Statement of work
Answer: D
Explanation:
Statement of Work (SoW) is the document that captures and defines all aspects of your project. You'll note the activities, deliverables and the timetable for the project. It's an extremely detailed document as it will lay the groundwork for the project plan.
Project Initial Document is an important document and should precede any specification writing project. It sets out the scope of the project and it is the team's mandate from senior management Work instructions are also called work guides, Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), job aids or user manuals, depending on the situation. In any case, the purpose of work instructions is to clearly explain how a particular work task is performed.
Framework agreements are arrangements between one or more buyers and one or more suppliers that provide the terms governing contracts to be established for a certain period of time, in particular with regard to price and, where necessary, the quantity envisaged.
Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.1
NEW QUESTION # 91
Which of the following indicates types of waste that procurement department concentrates on when adopting Lean methods?
- A. VA/VE
- B. OWN-IT
- C. DOWNTIME
- D. SCAMPER
Answer: C
Explanation:
Copious amounts of waste can occur in the workplace, particularly in a manufacturing process, but do you know what the eight most commons wastes are and how they impact your organization?
Taiichi Ohno, considered the father of Toyota Production System, created a lean manufacturing framework, which was based on the idea of preserving (or increasing) value with less work. Any-thing that doesn't increase value in the eye of the customer must be considered waste, or "Muda", and every effort should be made to eliminate that waste. The following 8 lean manufacturing wastes, mostly derived from the TPS, have a universal application to businesses today. The acro-nym for the eight wastes is DOWNTIME. Downtime stands for:
- Defects
- Overproduction
- Waiting
- Not utilizing talent
- Transportation
- Inventory excess
- Motion waste
- Excess processing
OWN-IT is the acronym for the process of collecting and analysing the data and information needed in any field SCAMPER is acronym for options addressing the underlying issues and achieving target VA/VE is value analysis and value engineering LO 3, AC 3.4
NEW QUESTION # 92
GSC Ltd is a manufacturer of car parts. To accommodate growing demands of electric cars, the company is developing a new component which requires different type of steel. The project team estimates that the component will be ready for production in 1.5 years. Until then, they need to keep the production busy.
After checking the inventory records, the production team sees that the company has 3 months of stock. The lead time for each batch is two months. Which of the following should be a priority ac-tion of the company?
- A. Create new specification to current supplier
- B. Standardise the specification
- C. Make a call-off order to current supplier
- D. Create new specification to new supplier
Answer: C
Explanation:
The scenario is very long with many distracting data. Students need to read carefully and use their experience to solve this problem.
The company is developing a new component which requires different type of material. But this component will not be available for mass production in 1.5 years. This means the company still needs to produce the current components with current materials until the development is finished. They must continue purchase the materials from current supplier through call-off orders. This situation is an example of straight re-buy.
Reference:
LO 1, AC 1.1
NEW QUESTION # 93
In 2016, ANA Airlines had to cancel some of its flight. The airline said it had discovered the cracks to the jet engine turbine blades. What should ANA procurement team do next to solve this problem?
- A. Collect data to identify the root cause
- B. Assess the risks
- C. Analyse the situation and draw conclusion
- D. Generate options addressing the issue
- E. Define the ideal solution
Answer: A
Explanation:
Cracks on the jet engine is a closed-end problem. A typical problem solving process has 8 steps:
Step 1: Define the Problem
- What is the problem?
- How did you discover the problem?
- When did the problem start and how long has this problem been going on?
- Is there enough data available to contain the problem and prevent it from getting passed to the next process step? If yes, contain the problem.
Step 2: Clarify the Problem
- What data is available or needed to help clarify, or fully understand the problem?
- Is it a top priority to resolve the problem at this point in time?
- Are additional resources required to clarify the problem? If yes, elevate the problem to your leader to help locate the right resources and form a team.
- Consider a Lean Event (Do-it, Burst, RPI, Project).
- Ensure the problem is contained and does not get passed to the next process step.
Step 3: Define the Goals
- What is your end goal or desired future state?
- What will you accomplish if you fix this problem?
- What is the desired timeline for solving this problem?
Step 4: Identify Root Cause of the Problem
- Identify possible causes of the problem.
- Prioritize possible root causes of the problem.
- What information or data is there to validate the root cause?
Step 5: Develop Action Plan
- Generate a list of actions required to address the root cause and prevent problem from getting to others.
- Assign an owner and timeline to each action.
- Status actions to ensure completion.
Step 6: Execute Action Plan
- Implement action plan to address the root cause.
- Verify actions are completed.
Step 7: Evaluate the Results
- Monitor and Collect Data.
- Did you meet your goals defined in step 3? If not, repeate th 8-Step Process.
- Were there any unforeseen consequences?
- If problem is resolved, remove activities that were added previously to contain the problem.
Step 8: Continuously Improve
- Look for additional opportunities to implement solution.
- Ensure problem will not come back and communicate lessons learned.
- If needed, repeat the 8-Step Problem Solving Process to drive further improvements.
ANA has already known what is going on, the next step they should adopt is collecting more infor-mation on the problem. If the airline is hurry to the solution, it may choose 'Generate options ad-dressing the issue'. The crack on turbine blade can be welded, or the airline replaces a new blade. However, jumping to solution without knowing the root cause does not completely solve the prob-lem. The root cause is unaddressed, then it may occur in the future. Therefore, the airline should still collect information to find the root cause, then remove it.
Reference:
LO 1, AC 1.1
NEW QUESTION # 94
Which of the following methods will enable a company to eliminate waste, lost time and lost material from its processes?
- A. Over specification
- B. Tendering process for routine items
- C. Lean principles
- D. Agile principles
Answer: C
Explanation:
Lean design is about maximising the value that a customer receives and at the same time minimis-ing waste in delivering that value.
For an organisation to be 'lean' it must have had all non-essential resources removed (ie. anything that does not add value, see below). This is efficient and cost effective, in that the value/supply chain can theoretically do exactly what is needed of it and no more, but requires sound forecasting and planning of demand and supply. It is most suitable for industries with stable product specifications, long lead times and few impulse purchases.
Organisations which are 'agile' react as quickly as is practicable to provide a cost effective response to customer demand. This is based on flexibility in design, supply, production and distribution. It is most appropriate for products such as fast fashion and foodstuffs which must be on display and available when wanted by the customer.
Reference:
- CIPS study guide page 153-156
- Agile Supply (cips.org)
LO 3, AC 3.3
NEW QUESTION # 95
Which of the following are recognised competitive strategies?
1. Winning new business at all cost
2. Getting more customers' attention
3. Creating stand-out products and brands
4. Focusing on niche market
5. Acquiring competitors
- A. 3 and 4 only
- B. 3 and 5 only
- C. 2 and 5 only
- D. 1 and 2 only
Answer: A
Explanation:
"A firm's relative position within its industry determines whether a firm's profitability is above or below the industry average. The fundamental basis of above average profitability in the long run is sustainable competitive advantage. There are two basic types of competitive advantage a firm can possess: low cost or differentiation. The two basic types of competitive advantage combined with the scope of activities for which a firm seeks to achieve them, lead to three generic strategies for achieving above average performance in an industry: cost leadership, differentiation, and focus." (Reference: Porter, Michael E., "Competitive Advantage". 1985, Ch. 1, pp 11-15. The Free Press. New York.) Creating stand-out products and brands is considered as Differentiation. An organisation that is not clear about which of these three strategies to use is described as 'stuck in the middle' LO 2, AC 2.1
NEW QUESTION # 96
Which of the following are most likely to negatively affect the suppliers' bargaining power in a specific market? Select TWO that apply:
- A. There are no differences among suppliers' products
- B. Substitute products are readily available in the market
- C. Buyers incur high cost when they change their suppliers
- D. There are almost no threats of backward integration
- E. Many suppliers are intent on integrating buyers into their business
Answer: A,B
Explanation:
The bargaining power of supplier is a major determinant of the structure of an industry and also how much profit is available to organisation operating in that industry. Supplier is weak if:
- Substitutes are available and easy to access
- Suppliers are small and fragmented
- The industry is important to the seller
- The sellers' product or service is not an important of the industry's value chain
- The sellers' product or service is undifferentiated
- There are no significant switching costs
- There is no threat of forward integration.
Suppliers may have more power:
- If they are in concentrated numbers compared to buyers.
- If there are high switching costs associated with a move to another supplier.
- If they are able to integrate forward or begin producing the product themselves.
- If they have specific expertise or technology needed to manufacture goods.
- If their product is highly differentiated.
- If there are many buyers and none make up significant portions of sales.
- If there are no substitutes available.
- If there are strong end users who can exert power over the organization in favor of a supplier (This can be the case in labor situations).
In all of these cases, the bargaining power of suppliers is high to demand premium prices and set their own timelines.
LO 2, AC 2.2
NEW QUESTION # 97
Which of the following are main focuses of ISO 27001:2013 standard?
1. Confidentiality
2. Logistics
3. Process
4. Life cycle
- A. 2 and 3 only
- B. 3 and 4 only
- C. 1 and 3 only
- D. 2 and 4 only
Answer: C
Explanation:
This International Standard (ISO 27001:2013) has been prepared to provide requirements for establishing, implementing, maintaining and continually improving an information security management system. The adoption of an information security management system is a strategic decision for an organization. The establishment and implementation of an organization's information security management system is influenced by the organization's needs and objectives, security requirements, the organizational processes used and the size and structure of the organization. All of these influencing factors are expected to change over time.
The information security management system preserves the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information by applying a risk management process and gives confidence to interested parties that risks are adequately managed.
It is important that the information security management system is part of and integrated with the organization's processes and overall management structure and that information security is considered in the design of processes, information systems, and controls. It is expected that an information security management system implementation will be scaled in accordance with the needs of the organization.
This International Standard can be used by internal and external parties to assess the organization's ability to meet the organization's own information security requirements.
The order in which requirements are presented in this International Standard does not reflect their importance or imply the order in which they are to be implemented. The list items are enumerated for reference purpose only.
ISO/IEC 27000 describes the overview and the vocabulary of information security management systems, referencing the information security management system family of standards (includ-ing ISO/IEC 27003[2], ISO/IEC 27004[3] and ISO/IEC 27005[4]), with related terms and defini-tions.
Reference:
- ISO/IEC 27001:2013 Information technology - Security techniques - Information security management systems - Requirements LO 3, AC 3.1
NEW QUESTION # 98
Which type of specification is less time-consuming to develop?
- A. Technical drawings
- B. Outcome-based specification
- C. Design specification
- D. Conformance specification
Answer: B
Explanation:
There are two major types of specification: conformance and performance specifications. They have the following characteristics:
Since performance specification is often a list of outputs or outcomes, it usually takes less time to develop than conformance specification.
NEW QUESTION # 99
Which of the following might be consequences of over-specification? Select TWO that apply:
- A. Lack of essential features
- B. Reducing motion waste
- C. Limiting competition in supply market
- D. Higher cost due to inessential features
- E. Better contract management
Answer: A,D
Explanation:
Over-specification can cause problems to buying organisation, include the following:
- Higher expense due to unnecessary features embedded into the product
- Stifle competition because higher requirements will lead to fewer suppliers in the market are able to supply
- Harder to evaluate the trade-offs between different features and attributes in the specification Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.3
NEW QUESTION # 100
Which of the following activities are considered as primary activities of an organization according to Porter's value chain? Select TWO that apply:
- A. Sourcing transportation services
- B. Trainees recruitment
- C. Maintenance
- D. Picking and delivery components
- E. Assembly design
Answer: C,D
Explanation:
Primary activities consist of inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, sales & marketing, service.
Second activities consist of firm infrastructure, human resource management, technology development and procurement The following graph illustrate the value chain (Source: Smartsheet)
Picking and delivery components is inbound logistics.
Maintenance is an example of operations activity.
Sourcing transportation services is an activity of procurement
Assembly design is an activity in research and development (Technology) Recruiting is an activity of human resource management Reference:
LO 2, AC 2.1
NEW QUESTION # 101
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